Performance of Micro Celebrities: From Digital Meritocracy to Neoliberalism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/jcicom.vol2no2.57Keywords:
digital meritocarcy, neoliberalism, micro celebrity, beauty influencer, productive laborAbstract
This study will look at how micro-celebrities are connected to the neoliberal environment that currently exists in the digital realm. This study also takes a media studies approach to examine how micro-celebrities in social media sites like YouTube and Instagram promote the myth of digital meritocracy. To further understand how two young women utilize their social media accounts to lead and attract attention, engagement, and apply industrialized celebrity manufacture, this research will compare two beauty influencers, @tasyafarsya (5.8 million Instagram followers, 4.2 million YouTube subscribers), and @inivindy (587 thousand Instagram followers, 1.96 million YouTube subscribers). This research using the multimodal discourse analysis method, and included semiotic visual investigation, in order to comprehend how texts and knowledge are arranged and formed by Beauty influencer through performativity and performance. The information for this study came from archival research that taken in period of January-May 2022 from Beauty influencer social media both in their Instagram and YouTube accounts. Thematic analysis and visual analysis were merged in order to examine how text and images depict discursive activities. The profound and significant findings of this study shatter the myth that individuals in positions of influence who reached the top came to believe that their achievement was completely their own doing. This study aims to investigate the cultural background of Indonesian digital influencers creates myth of digital meritocracy through their everyday posts. However, in reality, the emerging industrial culture on social media is also influenced by cultural logic related to people's financial statuses, family backgrounds, geographic places, and occupational history.
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References
Abidin, C. (2017). #Familygoals: Family influencers, calibrated amateurism, and justifying young digital labor. Social Media and Society, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117707191
Abidin, C. (2018). Society Now Internet Celebrity Understanding Fame Online. In Syria Studies (Vol. 7, Issue 1). Emerald Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269107473_What_is_governance/link/548173090cf22525dcb61443/download%0Ahttp://www.econ.upf.edu/~reynal/Civil wars_12December2010.pdf%0Ahttps://think-asia.org/handle/11540/8282%0Ahttps://www.jstor.org/stable/41857625
Abidin, C., & Megan Lindsay Brown. (2019). Microcelebrity Around the Globe Approches to Cultures of Internet fame. Emerald Publishing.
Alison Hearn. (2010). Structuring feeling: Web 2.0, online ranking and rating, and the digital “reputation” economy. Ephemera Theory & Politics in Organization, 10(3/4), 421–438.
Allen, A. (2011). MICHAEL YOUNG ’ S THE RISE OF THE MERITOCRACY : A PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUE. British Journal of Educational Studies, 59(4), 367–382. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41427674
Annisa, F. (2022). Contesting piety : representations of Indonesian internet celebrities on Instagram (Issue June) [Keele University]. https://doi.org/https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/id/eprint/11056
Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: Understanding an emerging social determinant of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 229–253. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500
Berry, D. M. (2014). Critical Theory and the Digital. Bloomsbury.
Bishop, S. (2020). Algorithmic Experts: Selling Algorithmic Lore on YouTube. Social Media and Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119897323
Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New Media and Society, 14(7), 1164–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812440159
Carah, N., & Angus, D. (2018). Algorithmic brand culture: participatory labour, machine learning and branding on social media. Media, Culture and Society, 40(2), 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718754648
Chang, E. (2020). Digital Meritocracy: Intermediary Organizations and the Construction of Policy Knowledge. Educational Policy, 34(5), 760–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904818802116
Cunningham, S., Craig, D., & Silver, J. (2016). YouTube, multichannel networks and the accelerated evolution of the new screen ecology. Convergence, 22(4), 376–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641620
de Peuter, G. (2014). Beyond the Model Worker: Surveying a Creative Precariat. Culture Unbound, 6(1), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.146263
Dorschel, R. (2022). Reconsidering digital labour: Bringing tech workers into the debate. New Technology, Work and Employment, 37(2), 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12225
Duffy, B. E., Pinch, A., Sannon, S., & Sawey, M. (2021). The Nested Precarities of Creative Labor on Social Media. Social Media and Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211021368
Duffy, B. E., & Wissinger, E. (2017). Mythologies of creative work in the social media age: Fun, free, and “just being me.” International Journal of Communication, 11, 4652–4671.
Fernández-Fontecha, A., O’Halloran, K. L., Tan, S., & Wignell, P. (2019). A multimodal approach to visual thinking: the scientific sketchnote. Visual Communication, 18(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357218759808
Fisher, E., Fuchs, C., Frayssé, O., Hardt, M., Negri, A., Rigi, J., & Fuchs, C. (2014). Reconsidering Value and Labour in the Digital Age (E. Fisher & C. Fuchs (eds.)). Palgrave Macmillan.
Fitch, K., & Third, A. (2010). Working girls: Revisiting the gendering of public relations. PRism, 7, 1–13. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/4006/
Fourcade, M., & Kluttz, D. N. (2020). A Maussian bargain: Accumulation by gift in the digital economy. Big Data and Society, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897092
Freeman, C. (2007). The " reputation " of neoliberalism. 34(2), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2007.34.2.252.This
Fuchs, C. (2008). Internet and Society, Social Theory in the Information Age. Routledge Taylor & Francis.
Fuchs, C. (2015). The Digital Labour Theory of Value and Karl Marx in the Age of Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and Weibo. In Reconsidering Value and Labour in the Digital Age (Issue Postone 1993, pp. 26–41). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137478573_2
Fuchs, C. (2020). Communication and Capitalism: A Critical Theory. In Communication and Capitalism: A Critical Theory. https://doi.org/10.16997/book45
Fuchs, C. (2021). Foundations of Communication/Media/Digital (In)justice. Journal of Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, 36(4), 186–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2021.1964968
Fuchs, C., & Sevignani, S. (2013). What is digital labour? What is digital work? What’s their difference? And why do these questions matter for understanding social media? TripleC, 11(2), 237–293. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v11i2.461
Gill, R. (2007a). Postfeminist Media Culture, Elements of a sensibility. In European Journal of Cultural Studies: Vol. 10(02). https://doi.org/10.1177/1567549407075898
Gill, R. (2007b). Technobohemians or the new cybertariat? New media work in Amsterdam a decade after the Web. Institute of Network Cultures.
Gill, R., & Pratt, A. (2008). In the Social Factory?: Immaterial Labour, Precariousness and Cultural Work. In Theory, Culture & Society (Vol. 25, Issue 8). https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276408097794
Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet. Yale University Press/New Haven & London. https://medium.com/@arifwicaksanaa/pengertian-use-case-a7e576e1b6bf
Graham, R. (2017). Google and advertising: Digital capitalism in the context of Post-Fordism, the reification of language, and the rise of fake news. Palgrave Communications, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-017-0021-4
Hacon, C. L. (2017). The algorithmic subject: the neo-liberal apparatus and the social media technology of power. (Issue April) [University of Otago, New Zealand]. https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/7542
Hou, M. (2019). Social media celebrity and the institutionalization of YouTube. Convergence, 25(3), 534–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517750368
Jenkins, H., Ito, M., & Boyd, D. (2016). Henry Jenkins , Mizuko Ito , Danah Boyd , Participatory Culture in a Networked Era . A Conversation on Youth , Learning , Commerce and Politics , Cambridge : Polity Press , 2016 , 214 pages. 10(2), 117–119.
K.Baym, N. (2018). Playing to the Crowd. New York University Press.
Kress, G. (2012). Multimodality: A Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication. In Discourse Studies (Vol. 14, Issue 4). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445612446268b
Kutthakaphan, R., & Chokesamritpol, W. (2013). The Use of Celebrity Endorsement with the Help of Electronic Communication Channel (Instagram). 705, 1–39.
Lawton, A. (2000). The meritocracy myth and the illusion of equal employment opportunity. Minnesota Law Review, 85(2), 587–661.
Littler, J. (2004). Celebrity and “meritocracy.” City Research Online, 37(9), 1591–1601.
Littler, J. (2017). Against Meritocracy. In Against Meritocracy. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315712802
Lobato, R. (2016). The cultural logic of digital intermediaries: YouTube multichannel networks. Convergence, 22(4), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641628
Machin, D. (2013). What is multimodal critical discourse studies? Critical Discourse Studies, 10(4), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.813770
Machin, D., & Mayr, A. (2012). How to Do Critical Discourse Analysis A Multimodal Introduction by David Machin, Andrea Mayr (z-lib.org).pdf. Sage Publication.
Marotta, S. (2021). Making sense of ‘maker’: Work, identity, and affect in the maker movement. Environment and Planning A, 53(4), 638–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20964839
Noble, S. and, & Roberts, S. (2022). Technological Elites, the Meritocracy, and Postracial Myths in Silicon Valley. UCLA Previously Published Works Title. https://doi.org/Title Technological Elites, the Meritocracy, and Postracial Myths in Silicon Valley Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7z3629nh
O’Meara, V. (2019). Weapons of the Chic: Instagram Influencer Engagement Pods as Practices of Resistance to Instagram Platform Labor. Social Media and Society, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119879671
Ozgun, A. (2011). Post-Fordism, neoliberalism and cultural production. In Intersections: Practices of Curating, Education and …. AICA-Armenia, Institute of Contemporary Art. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hratBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA33&dq=%22immaterial+labour%22+%22capitalism%22&ots=Ui0z2KLjs3&sig=YTCrCG_1nppMOLGwVWgr_1hLK6M
Postone, M. (1993). Postone-1993-Time-Labour-and-Social-Domination-excerpts-on-Time.pdf. Cambridge University Press.
Reardon, S. F., & Owens, A. (2014). 60 years after brown: Trends and consequences of school segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 40(May), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043152
Steven P. Vallas. (1999). Rethinking Post-Fordism : The Meaning of Workplace Flexibility. Sociological Theory American Sociological Association Is Collaborating with JSTOR, 17(1), 68–101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/201927
Thomas, D. (2010). The Digital Meritocracy. Forbes. https://doi.org/10.29085/9781783301577.006
van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media. In Oxford University Press (Vol. 9780199970). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970773.001.0001
Yao, J., & Xu, S. (2019). The “Mediatization” of Labor and the “Laboring” of Media: The Connotation, Status Quo, and Future of Digital Labor Studies . Mass Communication Research, 141, 181–214. https://doi.org/10.30386/MCR.201910_(141).0005
Abidin, C. (2017). #Familygoals: Family influencers, calibrated amateurism, and justifying young digital labor. Social Media and Society, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117707191
Abidin, C. (2018). Society Now Internet Celebrity Understanding Fame Online. In Syria Studies (Vol. 7, Issue 1). Emerald Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269107473_What_is_governance/link/548173090cf22525dcb61443/download%0Ahttp://www.econ.upf.edu/~reynal/Civil wars_12December2010.pdf%0Ahttps://think-asia.org/handle/11540/8282%0Ahttps://www.jstor.org/stable/41857625
Abidin, C., & Megan Lindsay Brown. (2019). Microcelebrity Around the Globe Approches to Cultures of Internet fame. Emerald Publishing.
Alison Hearn. (2010). Structuring feeling: Web 2.0, online ranking and rating, and the digital “reputation” economy. Ephemera Theory & Politics in Organization, 10(3/4), 421–438.
Allen, A. (2011). MICHAEL YOUNG ’ S THE RISE OF THE MERITOCRACY : A PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUE. British Journal of Educational Studies, 59(4), 367–382. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41427674
Annisa, F. (2022). Contesting piety : representations of Indonesian internet celebrities on Instagram (Issue June) [Keele University]. https://doi.org/https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/id/eprint/11056
Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: Understanding an emerging social determinant of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 229–253. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500
Berry, D. M. (2014). Critical Theory and the Digital. Bloomsbury.
Bishop, S. (2020). Algorithmic Experts: Selling Algorithmic Lore on YouTube. Social Media and Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119897323
Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New Media and Society, 14(7), 1164–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812440159
Carah, N., & Angus, D. (2018). Algorithmic brand culture: participatory labour, machine learning and branding on social media. Media, Culture and Society, 40(2), 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718754648
Chang, E. (2020). Digital Meritocracy: Intermediary Organizations and the Construction of Policy Knowledge. Educational Policy, 34(5), 760–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904818802116
Cunningham, S., Craig, D., & Silver, J. (2016). YouTube, multichannel networks and the accelerated evolution of the new screen ecology. Convergence, 22(4), 376–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641620
de Peuter, G. (2014). Beyond the Model Worker: Surveying a Creative Precariat. Culture Unbound, 6(1), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.146263
Dorschel, R. (2022). Reconsidering digital labour: Bringing tech workers into the debate. New Technology, Work and Employment, 37(2), 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12225
Duffy, B. E., Pinch, A., Sannon, S., & Sawey, M. (2021). The Nested Precarities of Creative Labor on Social Media. Social Media and Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211021368
Duffy, B. E., & Wissinger, E. (2017). Mythologies of creative work in the social media age: Fun, free, and “just being me.” International Journal of Communication, 11, 4652–4671.
Fernández-Fontecha, A., O’Halloran, K. L., Tan, S., & Wignell, P. (2019). A multimodal approach to visual thinking: the scientific sketchnote. Visual Communication, 18(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357218759808
Fisher, E., Fuchs, C., Frayssé, O., Hardt, M., Negri, A., Rigi, J., & Fuchs, C. (2014). Reconsidering Value and Labour in the Digital Age (E. Fisher & C. Fuchs (eds.)). Palgrave Macmillan.
Fitch, K., & Third, A. (2010). Working girls: Revisiting the gendering of public relations. PRism, 7, 1–13. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/4006/
Fourcade, M., & Kluttz, D. N. (2020). A Maussian bargain: Accumulation by gift in the digital economy. Big Data and Society, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897092
Freeman, C. (2007). The " reputation " of neoliberalism. 34(2), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2007.34.2.252.This
Fuchs, C. (2008). Internet and Society, Social Theory in the Information Age. Routledge Taylor & Francis.
Fuchs, C. (2015). The Digital Labour Theory of Value and Karl Marx in the Age of Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and Weibo. In Reconsidering Value and Labour in the Digital Age (Issue Postone 1993, pp. 26–41). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137478573_2
Fuchs, C. (2020). Communication and Capitalism: A Critical Theory. In Communication and Capitalism: A Critical Theory. https://doi.org/10.16997/book45
Fuchs, C. (2021). Foundations of Communication/Media/Digital (In)justice. Journal of Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality, 36(4), 186–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2021.1964968
Fuchs, C., & Sevignani, S. (2013). What is digital labour? What is digital work? What’s their difference? And why do these questions matter for understanding social media? TripleC, 11(2), 237–293. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v11i2.461
Gill, R. (2007a). Postfeminist Media Culture, Elements of a sensibility. In European Journal of Cultural Studies: Vol. 10(02). https://doi.org/10.1177/1567549407075898
Gill, R. (2007b). Technobohemians or the new cybertariat? New media work in Amsterdam a decade after the Web. Institute of Network Cultures.
Gill, R., & Pratt, A. (2008). In the Social Factory?: Immaterial Labour, Precariousness and Cultural Work. In Theory, Culture & Society (Vol. 25, Issue 8). https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276408097794
Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet. Yale University Press/New Haven & London. https://medium.com/@arifwicaksanaa/pengertian-use-case-a7e576e1b6bf
Graham, R. (2017). Google and advertising: Digital capitalism in the context of Post-Fordism, the reification of language, and the rise of fake news. Palgrave Communications, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-017-0021-4
Hacon, C. L. (2017). The algorithmic subject: the neo-liberal apparatus and the social media technology of power. (Issue April) [University of Otago, New Zealand]. https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/7542
Hou, M. (2019). Social media celebrity and the institutionalization of YouTube. Convergence, 25(3), 534–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517750368
Jenkins, H., Ito, M., & Boyd, D. (2016). Henry Jenkins , Mizuko Ito , Danah Boyd , Participatory Culture in a Networked Era . A Conversation on Youth , Learning , Commerce and Politics , Cambridge : Polity Press , 2016 , 214 pages. 10(2), 117–119.
K.Baym, N. (2018). Playing to the Crowd. New York University Press.
Kress, G. (2012). Multimodality: A Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication. In Discourse Studies (Vol. 14, Issue 4). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445612446268b
Kutthakaphan, R., & Chokesamritpol, W. (2013). The Use of Celebrity Endorsement with the Help of Electronic Communication Channel (Instagram). 705, 1–39.
Lawton, A. (2000). The meritocracy myth and the illusion of equal employment opportunity. Minnesota Law Review, 85(2), 587–661.
Littler, J. (2004). Celebrity and “meritocracy.” City Research Online, 37(9), 1591–1601.
Littler, J. (2017). Against Meritocracy. In Against Meritocracy. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315712802
Lobato, R. (2016). The cultural logic of digital intermediaries: YouTube multichannel networks. Convergence, 22(4), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641628
Machin, D. (2013). What is multimodal critical discourse studies? Critical Discourse Studies, 10(4), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.813770
Machin, D., & Mayr, A. (2012). How to Do Critical Discourse Analysis A Multimodal Introduction by David Machin, Andrea Mayr (z-lib.org).pdf. Sage Publication.
Marotta, S. (2021). Making sense of ‘maker’: Work, identity, and affect in the maker movement. Environment and Planning A, 53(4), 638–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20964839
Noble, S. and, & Roberts, S. (2022). Technological Elites, the Meritocracy, and Postracial Myths in Silicon Valley. UCLA Previously Published Works Title. https://doi.org/Title Technological Elites, the Meritocracy, and Postracial Myths in Silicon Valley Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7z3629nh
O’Meara, V. (2019). Weapons of the Chic: Instagram Influencer Engagement Pods as Practices of Resistance to Instagram Platform Labor. Social Media and Society, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119879671
Ozgun, A. (2011). Post-Fordism, neoliberalism and cultural production. In Intersections: Practices of Curating, Education and …. AICA-Armenia, Institute of Contemporary Art. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hratBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA33&dq=%22immaterial+labour%22+%22capitalism%22&ots=Ui0z2KLjs3&sig=YTCrCG_1nppMOLGwVWgr_1hLK6M
Postone, M. (1993). Postone-1993-Time-Labour-and-Social-Domination-excerpts-on-Time.pdf. Cambridge University Press.
Reardon, S. F., & Owens, A. (2014). 60 years after brown: Trends and consequences of school segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 40(May), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043152
Steven P. Vallas. (1999). Rethinking Post-Fordism : The Meaning of Workplace Flexibility. Sociological Theory American Sociological Association Is Collaborating with JSTOR, 17(1), 68–101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/201927
Thomas, D. (2010). The Digital Meritocracy. Forbes. https://doi.org/10.29085/9781783301577.006
van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media. In Oxford University Press (Vol. 9780199970). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970773.001.0001
Yao, J., & Xu, S. (2019). The “Mediatization” of Labor and the “Laboring” of Media: The Connotation, Status Quo, and Future of Digital Labor Studies . Mass Communication Research, 141, 181–214. https://doi.org/10.30386/MCR.201910_(141).0005
REFERENCES
Abidin, C. (2017). #Familygoals: Family influencers, calibrated amateurism, and justifying young digital labor. Social Media and Society, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117707191
Abidin, C. (2018). Society Now Internet Celebrity Understanding Fame Online. In Syria Studies (Vol. 7, Issue 1). Emerald Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269107473_What_is_governance/link/548173090cf22525dcb61443/download%0Ahttp://www.econ.upf.edu/~reynal/Civil wars_12December2010.pdf%0Ahttps://think-asia.org/handle/11540/8282%0Ahttps://www.jstor.org/stable/41857625
Abidin, C., & Megan Lindsay Brown. (2019). Microcelebrity Around the Globe Approches to Cultures of Internet fame. Emerald Publishing.
Alison Hearn. (2010). Structuring feeling: Web 2.0, online ranking and rating, and the digital “reputation” economy. Ephemera Theory & Politics in Organization, 10(3/4), 421–438.
Allen, A. (2011). MICHAEL YOUNG ’ S THE RISE OF THE MERITOCRACY : A PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUE. British Journal of Educational Studies, 59(4), 367–382. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41427674
Annisa, F. (2022). Contesting piety : representations of Indonesian internet celebrities on Instagram (Issue June) [Keele University]. https://doi.org/https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/id/eprint/11056
Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: Understanding an emerging social determinant of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 229–253. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500
Berry, D. M. (2014). Critical Theory and the Digital. Bloomsbury.
Bishop, S. (2020). Algorithmic Experts: Selling Algorithmic Lore on YouTube. Social Media and Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119897323
Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New Media and Society, 14(7), 1164–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812440159
Carah, N., & Angus, D. (2018). Algorithmic brand culture: participatory labour, machine learning and branding on social media. Media, Culture and Society, 40(2), 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718754648
Chang, E. (2020). Digital Meritocracy: Intermediary Organizations and the Construction of Policy Knowledge. Educational Policy, 34(5), 760–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904818802116
Cunningham, S., Craig, D., & Silver, J. (2016). YouTube, multichannel networks and the accelerated evolution of the new screen ecology. Convergence, 22(4), 376–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641620
de Peuter, G. (2014). Beyond the Model Worker: Surveying a Creative Precariat. Culture Unbound, 6(1), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.146263
Dorschel, R. (2022). Reconsidering digital labour: Bringing tech workers into the debate. New Technology, Work and Employment, 37(2), 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12225
Duffy, B. E., Pinch, A., Sannon, S., & Sawey, M. (2021). The Nested Precarities of Creative Labor on Social Media. Social Media and Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211021368
Duffy, B. E., & Wissinger, E. (2017). Mythologies of creative work in the social media age: Fun, free, and “just being me.” International Journal of Communication, 11, 4652–4671.
Fernández-Fontecha, A., O’Halloran, K. L., Tan, S., & Wignell, P. (2019). A multimodal approach to visual thinking: the scientific sketchnote. Visual Communication, 18(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357218759808
Fisher, E., Fuchs, C., Frayssé, O., Hardt, M., Negri, A., Rigi, J., & Fuchs, C. (2014). Reconsidering Value and Labour in the Digital Age (E. Fisher & C. Fuchs (eds.)). Palgrave Macmillan.
Fitch, K., & Third, A. (2010). Working girls: Revisiting the gendering of public relations. PRism, 7, 1–13. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/4006/
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